Anglo-Norman Period in English Literature | Anglo-Norman Period in English Literature notes | Anglo-Norman Period | Anglo-Norman Literature notes pdf | Anglo-Norman Period notes | History of English Literature
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History_of_English_Literature
#Lecture No. 02
Topic: Anglo-Norman Period in English Literature
English Literature
and Linguistics notes
After the
Norman conquest of England in 1066, the written form of the Anglo-Saxon
language became less common. Under the influence of the new aristocracy, French
became the standard language of courts, parliament, and polite society. As the
invaders integrated, their language and literature mingled with that of the
natives, and the Norman dialects of the ruling classes became Anglo-Norman. From
then until the 12th century, Anglo-Saxon underwent a gradual transition into
Middle English. Political power was no longer in English hands, so the West
Saxon literary language had no more influence than any other dialect, and
Middle English literature was written in the many dialects that corresponded to
the region, history, culture, and background of individual writers.
Related topic:
At the end
of the 12th century, Layamon in Brut
adapted the Norman-French of Wace to produce the first English-language work to
present the legends of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. It was
also the first history written in English since the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
Related topic:
Middle
English Bible translations, notably Wycliffe's
Bible, helped to establish English as a literary language. Wycliffe's Bible
is the name now given to a group of Bible translations into Middle English that
were made under the direction of, or at the instigation of, John Wycliffe. They
appeared between about 1382 and 1395. These Bible translations were the chief inspiration
and cause of the Lollard movement, a
pre-Reformation movement that
rejected many of the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church.
Related topic:
14th century that majors writers:
Another
literary genre, that of romances, appears in English from the 13th century,
with King Horn and Havelock the Dane, based on Anglo-Norman originals such as
the Romance of Horn (c. 1170), but it was in the 14th century that major
writers in English first appeared. These were William Langland, Geoffrey Chaucer, and the so-called Pearl Poet, whose
most famous work is Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.
Langland's
Piers Plowman (written c. 1360–87) or Visio Willelmi de Petro Plowman
(William's Vision of Piers Plowman) is a Middle English allegorical narrative
poem, written in unrhymed alliterative verse.
Sir
Gawain and the Green Knight is a late 14th-century Middle English
alliterative romance. It is one of the better-known Arthurian stories of an
established type known as the "beheading game". Developing from
Welsh, Irish, and English traditions, Sir Gawain highlights the importance of
honour and chivalry. Preserved in the same manuscript with Sir Gawayne were
three other poems, now generally accepted as the work of the same author,
including an intricate elegiac poem, Pearl. The English dialect of these poems
from the Midlands is markedly different from that of London-based Chaucer, and
though influenced by French in the scenes at court in Sir Gawain, there are
also in the poems many dialect words, often of Scandinavian origin, that
belonged to northwest England.
Related topic:
Middle
English lasted until the 1470s, when the Chancery Standard, a London-based form
of English, became widespread and the printing press started to standardize the
language. Chaucer is best known
today for the Canterbury Tales. This
is a collection of stories written in Middle English (mostly in verse, although
some are in prose) that are presented as part of a story-telling contest by a
group of pilgrims as they travel together from Southwark to the shrine of St.
Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. Chaucer is a significant figure in the
development of the legitimacy of the vernacular, Middle English, at a time when
the dominant literary languages in England were still French and Latin.
Related topic:
At this
time, literature in England was being written in various languages, including
Latin, Norman-French, and English. The multilingual nature of the audience for
literature in the 14th century is illustrated by the example of John Gower (c.
1330–1408). A contemporary of William Langland and a personal friend of
Chaucer, Gower is remembered primarily for three major works: the Mirroir de
l'Omme, Vox Clamantis, and Confessio Amantis, three long poems written in Anglo-Norman,
Latin, and Middle English, respectively, that are united by common moral and
political themes.
Related topic:
Historical events:
🠞Beginning of Hundred years’ War
Between England and France
1337/38-1453
🠞Black Death (1348-1349)
The War of the Roses took place in
1455.
🠞Peasants’ Revolt (1381)
Related topic: Elizabethan Prose writers
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